Pseudomembranous colitis
Definition
Pseudomembranous colitis is a specific infection of the large intestine (colon) due to overgrowth of a bacteria called Clostridium difficile.
Alternative Names
Antibiotic-associated colitis; Colitis - pseudomembranous; Necrotizing colitisCauses
The Clostridium difficile bacteria is normally present in the intestine. However, it may overgrow when antibiotics are taken. The bacteria release a powerful toxin that causes the symptoms. The lining of the colon becomes raw and bleeds.
Ampicillin, clindamycin, and cephalosporins are the most common antibiotics associated with this disease in children. Pseudomembranous colitis is rare in infants younger than 12 months old because they have protective antibodies from the mother and because the toxin does not cause disease in most infants.
Most cases of pseudomembranous colitis happen while the person is in the hospital, because the bacteria can spread from one patient to another.
Risk factors include:
- Advanced age
- Antibiotic use
- Chemotherapy
- Medications that suppress the immune system
- Recent surgery
- Personal history of pseudomembranous colitis
References
Aslam S. An update on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. Jun 2006;35(2):315-335.
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